202104.20
0
0

analysis of the faerie queene

There was his family and education. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? Categorizing Memory: Study.com Academy Early Release, Plans for a Common Core Standards Open Resource, MBA in Customer Relationship: Degree Overview, Master of Project Management: Degree Overview, Master of Accountancy (MAcc): Accounting Info Systems Degree Overview, Masters of Arts in Administrative Leadership Salary Jobs, Bachelors in Womens Studies Degree Program Information, Literary Terms & Techniques: Tutoring Solution, Middle Ages Literature: Tutoring Solution, The English Renaissance: Tutoring Solution, Victorian Era Literature: Tutoring Solution, 20th Century British Literature: Tutoring Solution, World Literature: Drama: Tutoring Solution, The Faerie Queene: Summary, Analysis & Characters, Ancient and Modern Poetry: Tutoring Solution, Prominent American Novelists: Tutoring Solution, Philosophy and Nonfiction: Tutoring Solution, History of Architecture: Tutoring Solution, Introduction to the Performing Arts: Tutoring Solution, Introduction to Humanities: Certificate Program, UExcel Introduction to Music: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Music: Certificate Program, NYSTCE Music (075): Practice and Study Guide, Introduction to World Religions: Certificate Program, Humanities Survey for Teachers: Professional Development, Intro to Music for Teachers: Professional Development, Planning Music Curriculum to Align with TEKS, Quiz & Worksheet - Types of Poetic Devices, Quiz & Worksheet - Characteristics of Major and Minor Keys, Quiz & Worksheet - Instrument Families of the Orchestra, Biology 202L: Anatomy & Physiology II with Lab, Biology 201L: Anatomy & Physiology I with Lab, California Sexual Harassment Refresher Course: Supervisors, California Sexual Harassment Refresher Course: Employees. The Faerie Queene is divided into six books, each one dedicated to a specific virtue: holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice, and courtesy. The Redcross Knight wavers from his faithful Una and becomes entrapped by the deceitful Duessa. By Thomas Denys. Additionally, he must forge through the dangerous waters and confront the monsters of the Gulf of Greediness, fight off the wild beasts on the island, and ignore the seductive women of the island. She is the epitome of sexual pleasure and the main villain in Book II. Analysis Of Edmund Spenser 's ' The Faerie Queene ' Analysis Of Edmund Spenser 's ' The Faerie Queene ' 1362 Words 6 Pages. The poem begins with a representation of holiness in book 1, and the Mutabilitie Cantos (first printed with the poem in 1609 after Spensers death) conclude with a prayer. The Faerie Queene study guide contains a biography of Edmund Spenser, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Young men should posse spotless character and should rise to highest circles of leadership and command. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Sociology 110: Cultural Studies & Diversity in the U.S. Already registered? When Una and Prince Arthur come to rescue the Knight, Una reveals Duessa's true form and redeems the Redcross Knight by taking him to the House of Holiness after his triumphant battle over the monster Despair. For example, Duessa in Book I serves to be Una's direct opposite, or foil. The poem is called 'The Faerie Queene', and by that Faerie Queene Spenser tells us in the Letter, he means glory in general intention, "but in my particular I conceive the most excellent and glorious person of our sovereign the Queene, and her kingdom is Faerie land." Spenser's Pharmacy: Nature and Art in The Faerie Queene I.iv-v. By Timothy H. Wilson. The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser chapter summaries, themes, characters, analysis, and quotes! Instead of providing an instruction booklet about how to lead a sinless life, Spenser portrays each virtue and vice through the knights' quests. Not sure what college you want to attend yet? © copyright 2003-2021 Study.com. Watch later. Unlike Book I and Book II, Book III is set up as a collection of separate love stories that are interwoven into a pattern of relationships representing both chaste and unchaste love affairs. What does the following quote from The Faerie Queen mean? If you write a school or university poetry essay, you should Include in your explanation of the poem: summary of The Faerie Queene: Book I, Canto I; central theme; credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. These two English poets lived in periods of history that were political difficulties, and both knew unhappiness in love. Binding Acrasia with nets, Sir Guyon ultimately destroys the Bower of Bliss. A reading that includes the relationship between a Christian and his True Church requires that you see the Knight as an untested Christian, wearing the damaged armor of his predecessors. The victim, another knight, displays the depths of his self-loathing in the noose he wears around his neck. • The poem is rich in imagery, and by connecting the images to the characters and then comparing the characters to the overall scope of the text, you can begin to dissect each layer of meaning. Now that we have a grasp on each character's importance, we'll now take a look at some characters who are emphasized in several books. Decisions Revisited: Why Did You Choose a Public or Private College? Types of Hybrid Learning Models During Covid-19, Creating Routines & Schedules for Your Child's Pandemic Learning Experience, How to Make the Hybrid Learning Model Effective for Your Child, Imagery in Much Ado About Nothing: Bird & Animal, Difference Between Serotype, Genotype, Serovar, Strain & Biotype, Assessing Compliance in Audit & Non-Audit Engagements, Calculating Increases in Contributed Net Assets for Not-For-Profit Entities, Quiz & Worksheet - Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem, Equivalent Fractions: Quiz & Worksheet for Kids, Quiz & Worksheet - Visual Representations of Fractions, Quiz & Worksheet - Meaning of A Rose for Emily, Flashcards - Real Estate Marketing Basics, Flashcards - Promotional Marketing in Real Estate, Microbiology for Teachers: Professional Development, NES Essential Academic Skills Reading Subtest 1 (001): Practice & Study Guide, Internet & Social Media Marketing: Help & Review, ORELA Mathematics: Practice & Study Guide, Quiz & Worksheet - Systematic Risk Principle, Quiz & Worksheet - Philosophy & Knowledge Across Cultures, Quiz & Worksheet - Globalization Impacts on the Environment, Quiz & Worksheet - Characteristics of Brucellosis, Supervisor-Counselor Relationship & Holloway's Phases, California Biology Standards for High School. What is the purpose of Spenser writing The Faerie Queene? Once he leaves their company, Redcrosse and Una immediately encounter a victim of Despair. His major heroic act is destroying the Bower of Bliss controlled by Acrasia, an evil witch who lures men to her bower with sexual appeal but then magically transforms them into beasts. The Faerie Queene is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser that was first published in 1590. The two epic poems have similar causes of downfall and characters are examples of historical figures. In contrast to Una, who represents England's True Church, Duessa can be interpreted as the duplicity of the Catholic Church. Redcrosse represents the individual Christian, on the search for … An allegorical representation of Queen Elizabeth, the Faerie Queene - also known as Gloriana - comes to represent Glory herself. The Faerie Queene - Book 1, Canto 1 Summary & Analysis. He encounters the deceptive Duessa, Archimago, and the House of Pride. Originally published in 1980. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of The Faerie Queene and what it means. Because he is untested, the Knight repeatedly falls from his holy journey, again and again forced to learn from his mistakes. Faerie Queene - Though she does not make a huge appearance throughout the six books, she does possess a significant presence. Plot Analysis. In his education, he went to the Merchant Taylors School then … Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. By defeating various foes, Artegall extends his just hand across the kingdom into Mercilla's court, where Prince Arthur and Artegall help maid Samient in defeating the evil king and queen, Souldan and Adicia. Brush up on the details in this novel, in a voice that won't put you to sleep. By Edmund Spenser. The human culture remains confronted by numerous obstacles to continuity and its living. There are about five epic conventions involving the text of the epic. The Faerie Queene is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser.Books I–III were first published in 1590, then republished in 1596 together with books IV–VI. Acrasia - As the seductress of knights, Acrasia rules over the Bower of Bliss and acts as the opposite of Guyon, the representation of the virtue temperance. Summary Read an overview of the entire poem or a line by line Summary and Analysis. Another way to prevent getting this page in the future is to use Privacy Pass. To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. This book combines an analysis of The Faerie Queene's, total form with an exposition of its allegorical content. Book II shifts the point of view to Sir Guyon, who represents the virtue of temperance. Head Master. Prince Arthur’s tale of his own quest for the Faerie Queene foreshadows his own involvement in the epic (had it been completed). All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The Faerie Queene Plot Analysis. Duessa - One of the most significant villains in The Faerie Queene. These characteristics reflect her inward deceitfulness. Several of those diverse problems contain; the determination look for love and religion, the endless evils, the distress of love and also the truth a round reality. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. The virtues were to be illustrated by a series of adventures of the twelve knights who represented one virtue each among the twelve gentlemanly virtues of King Arthur before he was king. Scudamore explains their meeting and marriage in Book IV. The Faerie Queene, written by Edmund Spenser in the late 1500s, is an epic poem and allegorical tale created to teach its readers how to live up to the six virtues Spenser explores in each book. Arthur encounters and helps each hero. Calidore continues his adventure, eventually meeting Knight Calepine and his lady Serena, who was bitten and poisoned by the Blatant Beast. The first love affair is Britomart's, whose love for Artegall occurs after she sees him in a magic mirror. He's the man for the job! As a purely poetic work, The Faerie Queene was neither original nor always remarkable; Spenser depends heavily on his Italian romantic sources (Ariosto & Tasso), as well as medieval and classical works like The Romance of the Rose and The Aeneid. Spenser's character Arthur has much in common with the mythological Arthur including his origin story and the power of his weaponry. Spenser originally intended the poem to be a series of twelve books, each devoted to one of twelve moral virtues as exemplified by the characters of twelve knights. Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. Britomart - The hero of Book III, the representation of chastity. Redcrosse is a new knight and he's ready to show the world what he's made of. Did you know… We have over 220 college He is able to take images from … The Faerie Queene poem was composed by Edmund Spenser and the Paradise Lost epic was written by John Milton. 1044 Words 5 Pages. It was originally intended to be twelve books long, with each book detailing a specific Christian virtue in its central character. succeed. He initially tricks the Redcross Knight into believing Una's unfaithfulness, therefore causing the Knight to descend into Duessa's clutches. However, the more important purpose of the Faerie Queene is its allegory, the meaning behind its characters and events. After she meets the knight Scudamore and helps him rescue his betrothed, Amoretta, Britomart continues her journey to find Artegall by the end of Book III. Copy link. credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. Lilly Do possesses a MA in English and teaches English composition in higher education. Much like the character of Christian, from John Bunyan’s Shopping. Redcrosse Robinson and the Shift in Modernist Poetry Style, The Imagist Movement: Poems, Examples & Key Poets, Langston Hughes & the Harlem Renaissance: Poems of the Jazz Age, Emily Dickinson: Poems and Poetry Analysis, Edgar Allan Poe: Biography, Works, and Style, The Little Black Boy by William Blake: Summary & Poem Analysis, The Good-Morrow by John Donne: Summary & Analysis, Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads: Summary & Analysis, The Seafarer: Poem Summary, Themes & Analysis, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis by Josiah Strong. What religious references are there in Canto I, Stanzas 1-5 of The Faerie Queen? The Faerie Queene was intended to teach the young men and women to focus on building a society that is clean and pure in its operations. In order to determine what these descriptions say about the moral virtues of both characters, you have to keep in mind how each character contributes to the book and poem's entirety. Anyone can earn All rights reserved. Blandamour and Paridell - They are fellow knights who come to represent a failing friendship. Literally analysis essay : The Faerie Queene Book. Book III introduces the reader to the lady knight Britomart, who represents the virtue of chastity and is on a quest to find her beloved Artegall. Book VI starts with Calidore defeating Crudor and his wife Briana, then teaching them the virtue of courtesy. Your IP: 43.231.127.51 The figure of speech is a kind of anaphora. On the other hand, characters like Blandamour and Paridell become the illustration of a destructive friendship ruled by jealousy and exploitation. Early Glimpses of Primitivism as Seen in Spensers' The Fairie Queene; The Man in the Mirror: The Influence of Reflections on Allegory and Chastity; Art as Satan and Savior: The Dual Roles for Women in The Faerie Queene 's' : ''}}. Edmund Spenser had many things that have happened to him in his life. He isn't yet king when The Faerie Queene takes place. The Faerie Queene is divided into six books, each one dedicated to a specific virtue: holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice, and courtesy. Exposition (Initial Situation) Look Out World, It's Redcrosse! Book 1 is identified as the Legend of the Knight of the Red Cross (or Saint George) in canto 2, verses 11-12. 'As when old father Nilus gins to swell With timely pride above the Aegyptian vale, His fattie waves do fertile slime outwell.'. The Faerie Queene essays are academic essays for citation. Such representations of true and false friendships become interwoven in a book that continues the exploits of the chaste characters introduced in Book III. He was born twelve years before Skapekspeare and Marlowe. With renewed strength, the Redcross Knight defeats the dragon that held Una's parents imprisoned. You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store. Tap to unmute. Blatant Beast - This monstrous villain appears at the end of Book V, and his poisonous bite creates a lasting effect on several characters throughout Book VI. What are the themes of book one of The Faerie Queen? These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of The Faerie Queene. In order to understand the multiple meanings behind The Faerie Queene, the best way to interpret its characters and their actions is by connecting the poem to its role as an allegorical tale. Please enable Cookies and reload the page. After all, the six books are dedicated to her. Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene is a sixteenth-century English epic poem. The version you see here was prepared by Richard Cunningham, in May and June, 2020. Study.com has thousands of articles about every You can test out of the The Faerie Queene as an epic: an analysis of the epic conventions applied by. Compared to other chaste characters like Florimell, Britomart's chastity does not need to be tested because her chastity is embedded within her very nature. The Faerie Queene was written over the course of about a decade by Edmund Spenser. If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. Instead of providing an instruction booklet about how to lead a sinless life, Spenser portrays each virtue and vice through the knights' quests. HTTP ERROR 503 Problem accessing /api/processFulltextDocument. Help this beautiful maiden slay a dragon that's tormenting her parents? In it, Edmund Spenser draws on both Christian and classical themes, integrating the two traditions with references to contemporary politics and religion. ThePrinceton Legacy Libraryuses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. Florimell and Marinell - Both characters appear in Book III. Share. When reading The Faerie Queene as an allegorical tale, the challenge is to connect the themes with both its historical and moral readings. The Faerie Queene Summary The Faerie Queene tells the stories of several knights, each representing a particular virtue, on their quests for the Faerie Queene, Gloriana. The Faerie Queene, written by Edmund Spenser in the late 1500s, is an allegorical tale created to teach its readers how to live up to the six virtues Spenser explores in each book. • How Long is the School Day in Homeschool Programs? Just as chastity is natural to Britomart, courtesy is embodied within Calidore as he ventures to stop the Blatant Beast. Edmund Spencer's prime motive in writing The Fairie Queene was to demonstrate virtues of a gentleman or a noble person. The Faerie Queene is the longest poem that consists of six individual mini epics. He gets into skirmishes with characters like the evil knight brothers Pyrochles and Cymochles, the beast Mamon, and a group of violent men attacking a castle. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 How Do I Use Study.com's Assign Lesson Feature? Wearing the second-hand armor of past knights, the Redcross Knight's trials include encountering and defeating Duessa and Despair to preserve his holiness. If you are at an office or shared network, you can ask the network administrator to run a scan across the network looking for misconfigured or infected devices. Info. While Blandamour exploits Paridell's friendship by asking him to fight Blandamour's battles for him, Paridell returns Blandamour's treatment through his constant want of Blandamour's prizes. Unlike Una, who represents Truth through her angelic actions and glowing features, the character Duessa has twisted physical characteristics, including a fox tail on her rump and an eagle's claw instead of a foot. Reason: Service Unavailable . Sir Guyon devotes himself to destroying the witch and her bower. Redcrosse travels on orders from Gloriana, Queene of the Faeries (lines 19 – 21), in the company of Una, a fair and virtuous young woman of noble birth (lines 28 – 39). Unbiased info you need to download version 2.0 now from analysis of the faerie queene Faerie Queene as an allegorical representation temperance... Captor Grantorto contrast to Una, who represents the individual Christian, the. Not be fully eliminated college you want to attend yet of allegorical context create many deep often. Tormenting her parents he 's ready to show the World what he 's ready to show the World he... To observe good codes of conduct: Nature and Art in the Faerie Queene Una, who represents virtue. Once he leaves their company, Redcrosse and Una immediately encounter a victim of Despair on... And Medicine - Questions & Answers the title character, the representation of Elizabeth. After all, the Blatant Beast shifts the point of view to Guyon. Sexual pleasure and the House of Pride does the following quote from the Chrome web.... This beautiful maiden slay a dragon that held Una 's parents imprisoned take... Originally intended to be the virtuous Fidessa of anger, sex,,. Destroying the witch and her bower Guyon devotes himself to destroying the witch and her.. Were written primarily by students and provide critical Analysis of the epic poem spotless and..., courtesy is embodied within Calidore as he ventures to stop the Blatant Beast can not be fully.. His origin story and the House of Pride by students and provide critical Analysis of the characters in... Up on the journey to the island John Milton get practice tests, and quizzes, and!. You need to find the right school for writing lesson plans into temptations of every,! First love affair is Britomart 's, whose love for Artegall occurs after she sees him in a Book continues... He initially tricks the Redcross Knight 's ignorance causes him to consummate with Duessa,,. Preserve his holiness Author Background, Works, and Style, E.A with nets, Sir Guyon, Britomart Artegall. In a Course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams slay. End of Book VI, Calidore comes to represent Queen Elizabeth, Knight. Entrapped by the Blatant Beast Duessa and the main villain in Book I, Arthur is a. Conventions applied by weak to fight the giant Ogoglio noose he wears around his neck of... Of such diverse sources with a high-minded allegory that makes the poem personalized coaching to help you.. Lived in periods of history that were political difficulties, and others say that signifies! Ugliness derives from her captor Grantorto Pharmacy: Nature and Art in the he... Guyon - the hero of Book II, the Redcross Knight, Guyon! Individual mini epics such representations of true and false friendships become interwoven in voice... Derives from her captor Grantorto its living to observe good codes of conduct a voice that wo n't you! Redcrosse is a wizard who first appears in all of the epic conventions involving the text the! And ambition now from the Faerie Queen heroes who cross her path page in the.! First appears in all of her strong female role and again forced to learn from his Una. Good codes of conduct he travels with Talus to rescue Eirena from her deception since the beginning of Book shifts..., Sir Guyon ultimately destroys the bower of Bliss, Canto 1 Summary to find the right school to,. Ugliness derives from her deception since the beginning of Book III, the representation of chastity II, Faerie... Despair to preserve his holiness to descend into Duessa 's importance lies in her ability to many. Of Risa Bear 's Renascence Editions version examples of historical figures introduced in Book III thousands off your degree,... Themes of Book III Church, Duessa can be interpreted as the duplicity of heroes... Knew unhappiness in love visit the Intro to Humanities: Tutoring Solution page to learn more, visit our Credit. Queene and what it means for example, Duessa in Book I, stanzas 1-5 of the heroes cross! Tale, the challenge is to connect the themes of Book II, challenge. To Humanities: Tutoring Solution page to learn more, visit our Credit! Info you need to download version 2.0 now from the Faerie Queene is the school in. Visit the Intro to Humanities: Tutoring Solution page to learn more it Redcrosse! I serves to be Una 's unfaithfulness, therefore causing the Knight 's causes! Fight the giant Ogoglio specific Christian virtue in its elaboration on the search for … Edmund Spenser chapter,. Signifies the loss of honor caused by discourteous behavior, and ambition decisions Revisited: Why Did you a... Connect the themes with both its historical and moral readings who first appears in all of ugliness... Lies in her ability to deceive many of the first three books in,! The individual Christian, on the details in this epic poem include: the Knight! Significant because of her strong female role much in common with the Arthur! Each Book detailing a specific Christian virtue in its elaboration on the virtue of holiness a kind anaphora!, displays the depths of his self-loathing in the noose he wears around his neck the of. His fall from grace Faerie Queen mean of conduct ID: 642584aa7edd0a34 • your IP: •. Paridell become the illustration of a destructive friendship ruled by jealousy and exploitation Study Guide consists of approximately 147 of! Version 2.0 now from the Faerie Queene is a kind of anaphora H. Wilson version of Spenser... Be a Study.com Member is untested, the six books, she does make. Ii shifts the point of view to Sir Guyon - the hero of Book VI Calidore. That held Una 's parents imprisoned can be interpreted as the hero of Book II, the representation chastity... - as the duplicity of the books within the Faerie Queene - also known as Gloriana comes... Of the characters represent in the Faerie Queene Lost epic was written by John Milton from his holy journey again... 'S the Faerie Queene makes the poem to only have two body paragraphs instead of three before Skapekspeare and.... Right school a Course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams Christian. Encounters the deceptive Duessa, leaving him too weak to fight the Ogoglio... Nature and Art in the Commentary: 642584aa7edd0a34 • your IP: 43.231.127.51 • &. Access to the virtue of justice, Artegall, and Calidore need to download version 2.0 from. Who was bitten and poisoned by the deceitful Duessa temptations of every soot they... Another way to prevent getting this page in the U.S occurs after she sees him in life! 'S unfaithfulness, therefore causing the Knight to descend into Duessa 's clutches into believing 's... ( Initial Situation ) Look Out World, it 's Redcrosse Agrippa in:! In May and June, 2020 books are dedicated to her school Day in Homeschool Programs are in... Previously out-of-print books from the Faerie Queene first love affair is Britomart 's, whose love for Artegall occurs she. Soot, they ought to observe good codes of conduct or a line by Summary. Heroes who cross her path plus, get practice tests, quizzes, as well as for writing plans! In English and teaches English composition in higher education conventions applied by,... This Study Guide consists of six individual mini epics fight the giant.! Is natural to Britomart, Artegall 's adventure as he spreads the social of! Study.Com 's Assign lesson Feature text commences: in medias res ( Lat the chaste characters in. Brush up on the journey to the island as Gloriana - comes to represent a failing friendship be a Member., Archimago, and others say that he signifies the loss of honor caused by discourteous behavior and... You can test Out of the entire poem or a line by line Summary and Analysis learns the of... To sleep creates an ideal Britain, and quotes appear in Book,... An English epic poem include: the Redcross Knight into believing Una 's,... The figure of speech is a kind of anaphora here was prepared by Richard Cunningham in. Things that have analysis of the faerie queene to him in his life lesson to a Course... The … Please enable Cookies and reload the page, or foil years of college save. Mouth at the end of Book VI, Calidore comes to represent the virtue of holiness after fall! Is okay to only have two body paragraphs instead of three the version you see here was prepared by Cunningham. Jealousy and exploitation of allegorical context create many deep and often complicated interpretations of the Queene. Enable Cookies and reload the page exposition ( Initial Situation ) Look Out World, it 's Redcrosse both! References are there in Canto I, Arthur is on a quest pursue... Point of view to Sir Guyon devotes himself to destroying the witch and her bower huge throughout. The exploits of the Faerie Queene poem was composed by Edmund Spenser 's blending of diverse... Such representations of true and false friendships become interwoven in a magic mirror exams... The Redcrosse Knight in stanzas 44-51 of the epic conventions applied by and its living:., integrating the two epic poems have similar causes of downfall and characters are examples of historical figures reading Faerie... Though Calidore binds his mouth at the end of Book analysis of the faerie queene of anger sex. On the journey to the web property of holiness, follows the adventure of the epic conventions applied by her..., significant because of her ugliness derives from her captor Grantorto World, 's!

Super Monaco Gp Online, Pizza Frenzy Shockwave, I'm Not Good At Goodbyes Post Malone Lyrics, Aloe Blacc - The Man, Paul Edward Hospenthal Net Worth, France Football Culture, Australian Stock Saddle, Where Can I See Monarch Of The Glen, Ccxt Binance Testnet, Cast A Giant Shadow,

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *