principles of disease surveillance

Passive surveillance relies on the individual clinician or laboratory to initiate the report. in Egypt. Thus, in the example already used for aseptic meningitis, a precise diagnosis of mumps, echovirus, or coxsackie type is particularly useful in clustering and outbreaks. Principles of Disease Surveillance Objectives of this lecture To define epidemiological surveillance To present the history and the evolution of epidemiological ... – A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as a Flash slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 436b7a-NGJhN Disease surveillance is an ongoing process that involves the systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of information regarding the occurrence of diseases in defined populations for public health action to reduce morbidity and mortality. Nonetheless, it may be critical to evaluating the impact of vaccines for invasive diseases such as Haemophilus influenzae type b, which declined by 95% within 6 years after the introduction of the conjugate vaccine in 1989. Early identification of changing disease-related patterns such as a poor response to treatment or an increase of unusual clinical presentation that may, in turn, indicate changes in parasite and host characteristics is dependent on the regular evaluation of surveillance data. The efficiency of community-based surveillance systems varies greatly, depending on the disease, how the diagnosis is made, and the resources targeted toward the surveillance effort.44 Many emerging diseases require a diagnosis based on clinical findings, either because an etiologic agent has not been identified or because reliable diagnostic tests have not been developed. endobj Examples of the epidemiological clues that may suggest an act of bioterrorism are listed in Table 2–3. If there is no clear and immediate link between the information output of an activity and existing or planned public health action then it is unlikely that the activity is surveillance. endobj Active surveillance is a process whereby state or local agencies actually look for evidence of disease risk. Disease control refers to reducing the incidence of disease to a desired level (which will vary depending on the disease) and includes diseases such as malaria (Dowdle, 1999). stream Indicator-based surveillance represents the classic functioning of a surveillance system designed to monitor the frequency, origin, and distribution of reportable national and international diseases. The architectural specifications cover eight elements: (1) Web browser–based data entry and management; (2) electronic HL-7 message processing; (3) integrated data repository, defining a single point of entry for receipt of data reported to the health department; (4) active data translation and exchange; (5) contemporary application programming practices, which permit, for example, the implementation of case definition logic at appropriate points; (6) data reporting and visualization, including the use of commercial off-the-shelf packages for analytical work and reporting capacity appropriate to different user groups; (7) shareable directory of public health personnel; and (8) consistent security standards to maintain the public health track record in protecting sensitive data (CDC, 2005d). a, confirmed cases investigated fourth quarter 2003 by week investigation initiated. Scientific Technologies Corporation 1 DISEASE SURVEILLANCE A PUBLIC HEALTH ECOSYSTEM UGM EDSS Track June 19, 2016 2. Indeed, as the enteroviruses exhibit a strong late summer/autumn seasonal pattern with each enterovirus returning to its baseline in winter, when numbers of a particular type continue to be reported at a level higher than the winter baseline, the return of this virus to cause another epidemic in the following summer can usually be safely predicted. Online epidemiological surveillance systems such as District Health Information System 2 can vastly improve and complement the existing systems by enabling the prompt collection, flow, analysis, and sharing of data by national programs. pub 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2: Disease Surveillance and Measurement. CASE-FINDING Throughout this report this term is applied to that form of screening of which the main object is to detect disease and bring patients to Disease elimination is defined as zero disease in a defined geographic area as a result of control measures. Although surveillance systems are labeled as active or passive based on how cases are reported, all surveillance systems require an active review and analysis of reported cases, with dissemination of results to key stakeholders.44. To achieve this purpose, surveillance for a disease or other health problem should have clear objectives. The information collected focuses on respiratory, neurological, and dermatological clues that may quickly indicate an intentional biological release has occurred. IDSR does this by integrating surveillance systems already established by single-disease control programs, integrating laboratory and epidemiology efforts, and developing human resource capacity at the district level. Disease eradication is defined as zero disease globally as a result of control measures, which are no longer required. SendSS serves over 3700 active users including GDPH District Health Offices, County Health Departments, hospitals, private physicians, and laboratories. Disease surveillance is an information-based activity involving the collection, analysis and interpretation of large volumes of data originating from a variety of sources. Clues that should raise suspicion may range from more subtle trends to the obvious clues that may be provided through claims made by aggressors or evidence identified by law enforcement authorities. Table 2–3. It is the name of software that the CDC develops (i.e., NEDSS base system), a set of specifications that a health department can follow to construct a system with similar functionality, and a “system of systems” (i.e., the network of interoperating systems in each state and city that has installed either the CDC-provided NEDSS system or a version that they have developed or acquired from another source) that will replace NETSS and many other pre-2000 systems. endobj Information garnered from vaccine effectiveness studies can be coupled with burden and cost information to describe the cost-effectiveness of interventions. Fifth, the availability of molecular subtyping techniques such as PFGE and the ability to compare PFGE patterns electronically through the national computer network PulseNet can greatly increase both the sensitivity and the specificity of pathogen-specific surveillance. 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